![]() 11Īt present, the recommended treatment goals in UC are to induce and maintain clinical remission, which means bloody stool absence and stool frequency normalisation, and endoscopic remission, which is defined as a Mayo endoscopic subscore (MES) of 0 or 1. 10 Burisch et al assessed the healthcare expenditures of UC in the first 5 years after being diagnosed in Europe using Epi-IBD cohort and determined that the mean annual healthcare costs for one patient with UC per year were 2088 € during follow-up. 9 According to recent epidemiological data, UC has become a global disease, imposing a notable socioeconomic burden on the healthcare system. However, due to the industrialisation development, UC incidence in Asia, South America and Africa has gradually increased over the last decades. Specifically, the highest UC incidence was in Europe (0.505% in Norway) and North America (0.286% in the USA), while UC has a low incidence in developing countries and regions. 7 8 UC incidence varies significantly between different countries and regions. Among patients with UC, 62% experienced a challenging normal life, 6 15% underwent at least one extreme clinical course in their lifetime and 10%–30% of them obliged colectomy. ![]() 5 Recurrent episodes of colonic inflammation seriously affect lives and work of patients with UC, as well as their psychological well-being, and may also raise the risk of colorectal cancer. In addition to the above symptoms, some patients with UC may present other multiple extraintestinal manifestations, such as oral ulcer, skin disorders, osteoporosis, eye inflammation and arthritis. 3 4 The typical gastrointestinal disorders of UC mainly include diarrhoea, bloody stool, abdominal pain and rectal urgency. These factors include environmental factors (changes in the intestinal microbiome resulting from certain medications, diet and smoking), genetic vulnerability, aberrant host immune responses and disturbance of intestinal barrier equilibrium. 2 Although the aetiology and pathogenesis of UC remain unknown, it has been established that several factors contribute to UC development. Some researches have indicated that a second peak onset occurs at 60–70 years old, but this statement needs to be further demonstrated. ![]() 1 The peak age for UC occurrence is 30–40 years, without sex difference. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterised by idiopathic, diffuse inflammation of colonic mucosa.
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